ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO FRENTE AL SÍNDROME DE BURNOUT EN ENFERMERAS/OS DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS DE ADULTOS: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

estrategias de afrontamiento; cuidados intensivos; enfermería; salud laboral; síndrome de burnout

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i18.0850

Resumen

Introducción: El síndrome de burnout constituye uno de los problemas de salud ocupacional más relevantes en enfermería y adquiere particular importancia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de adultos, donde convergen alta complejidad clínica, sobrecarga asistencial, exposición frecuente al sufrimiento y necesidad de respuesta inmediata. Se reconoce como un fenómeno vinculado al trabajo y continúa siendo objeto de discusión conceptual, aunque su impacto clínico y organizacional es ampliamente aceptado [1,2,3]. Objetivo: Analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por el personal de enfermería que labora en UCI de adultos y examinar la evidencia científica disponible sobre su efectividad frente al síndrome de burnout. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo parcialmente las directrices PRISMA 2020 [4]. Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science y SciELO entre diciembre de 2025 y enero de 2026. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos publicados en inglés, español o portugués durante los últimos cinco años, enfocados en enfermeras/os de UCI de adultos, burnout y estrategias de afrontamiento. Resultados: De 1091 registros identificados, 24 estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. La evidencia mostró una alta prevalencia de burnout, especialmente en agotamiento emocional y despersonalización. Predominaron las estrategias institucionales, principalmente mejora del entorno laboral, adecuación de la dotación y del ratio enfermera–paciente, liderazgo efectivo y apoyo psicosocial institucional. Las estrategias individuales más reportadas fueron resiliencia, regulación emocional, afrontamiento activo, autocuidado, actividad física y apoyo social. Las intervenciones individuales mostraron beneficios, aunque con menor sostenibilidad cuando se aplicaron de forma aislada. Conclusiones: El burnout en enfermería de UCI de adultos es un fenómeno multifactorial y persistente. La evidencia revisada apoya un abordaje multicomponente que priorice cambios organizacionales, integrados con el fortalecimiento de recursos personales. Persisten vacíos de evidencia en América Latina, especialmente en Ecuador.

Palabras claves: estrategias de afrontamiento; cuidados intensivos; enfermería; salud laboral; síndrome de burnout.

Abstract

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is a major occupational health problem in nursing, particularly in adult intensive care units (ICUs), where clinical complexity, sustained workload, moral distress, and exposure to human suffering converge. Although burnout remains under conceptual debate, its clinical and organizational impact is widely recognized [1,2,3]. Objective: To analyze the coping strategies used by adult ICU nursing staff and to examine the scientific evidence on their effectiveness against burnout syndrome. Methods: Systematic literature review, partially following PRISMA 2020 guidelines [4]. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SciELO between December 2025 and January 2026. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese during the previous five years were included when focused on adult ICU nurses, burnout, and coping strategies. Results: Of 1091 identified records, 24 studies met the eligibility criteria. The evidence showed a high prevalence of burnout, especially in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Institutional strategies predominated, particularly improvement of the work environment, adequate staffing and nurse–patient ratio, effective leadership, and institutional psychosocial support. The most frequently reported individual strategies were resilience, emotional regulation, active coping, self-care, physical activity, and social support. Individual interventions showed benefit, although with lower sustainability when applied in isolation. Conclusions: Burnout in adult ICU nursing is a persistent and multifactorial phenomenon. The reviewed evidence supports a multicomponent approach that prioritizes organizational change while strengthening personal resources. Evidence gaps remain in Latin America, particularly in Ecuador.

Keywords: coping strategies; intensive care; nursing; occupational health; burnout syndrome.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
08 de enero de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de marzo de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 08 de abril de 2026.

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Citas

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Publicado

2026-04-08

Cómo citar

Sari-Nieves, D. M., Valla-Balla, M. C., Garzón-Galarraga, H. A., Carlosama-Guaman, M. A., & Pincay-López, P. V. (2026). ESTRATEGIAS DE AFRONTAMIENTO FRENTE AL SÍNDROME DE BURNOUT EN ENFERMERAS/OS DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS DE ADULTOS: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456, 10(18), 1004–1019. Recuperado a partir de https://editorialibkn.com/index.php/Yachasun/article/view/918