GASTRIC ULTRASOUND FOR ASPIRATION-RISK STRATIFICATION IN PATIENTS RECEIVING GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS: AN INTEGRATED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND EVIDENCE UPDATE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC, ENDOSCOPIC, AND ANESTHETIC OUTCOMES
Palabras clave:
agonistas GLP-1; semaglutida; ultrasonido gástrico; POCUS; contenido gástrico residual; endoscopia digestiva alta; aspiración; anestesia; sedaciónResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i18.0915
Resumen
Introducción: Los agonistas del receptor GLP-1 y los agonistas duales GLP-1/GIP retrasan el vaciamiento gástrico. Los estudios endoscópicos muestran de manera consistente mayor contenido gástrico residual (CGR), pero la aspiración pulmonar es infrecuente y el papel del ultrasonido gástrico como herramienta individualizada de estratificación no se ha integrado adecuadamente con los hallazgos endoscópicos y anestésicos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática integrada y actualización estructurada de evidencia. La evidencia endoscópica se ancló a una revisión sistemática con búsqueda hasta el 7 de julio de 2025 (24 estudios comparativos). Se efectuó una actualización dirigida en PubMed y rastreo de citas hasta el 27 de agosto de 2026 para incorporar estudios de ultrasonido gástrico y nueva evidencia endoscópica/anestésica. Se realizó un metaanálisis exploratorio de efectos aleatorios con cuatro cohortes ecográficas controladas y definiciones compatibles de CGR elevado/estómago lleno. Resultados: Se integraron 35 estudios primarios. En la síntesis endoscópica previa (184.707 participantes), los agonistas GLP-1 se asociaron con mayor CGR (OR 4,82; IC95% 3,66-6,35) y mayor interrupción del procedimiento (OR 3,93; IC95% 2,42-6,39), sin aumento estadísticamente significativo de aspiración (OR 1,10; IC95% 0,84-1,48). En cuatro cohortes ecográficas controladas (n=461), la exposición a GLP-1 se asoció con CGR elevado/estómago lleno (OR combinado 9,31; IC95% 3,68-23,57; I²=60,0%). El ensayo aleatorizado OCULUS de 2026 (n=60) encontró volumen gástrico residual clínicamente significativo en 25,0% al continuar el tratamiento frente a 3,1% al omitir una dosis. No se identificó un estudio de exactitud diagnóstica que comparara, en los mismos pacientes tratados con GLP-1, ultrasonido gástrico preprocedimiento con hallazgos posteriores de EGD. Conclusiones: La terapia basada en GLP-1 se asocia fuertemente con CGR detectado por ultrasonido y endoscopia; la evidencia sobre aspiración clínica sigue siendo inconsistente por la baja frecuencia del evento. El ultrasonido gástrico es una herramienta prometedora para estratificación individualizada, pero requiere validación pareada frente a endoscopia y estudios de impacto clínico.
Palabras claves: agonistas GLP-1; semaglutida; ultrasonido gástrico; POCUS; contenido gástrico residual; endoscopia digestiva alta; aspiración; anestesia; sedación.
Abstract
Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists delay gastric emptying. Observational endoscopy data consistently show more retained gastric content (RGC), but pulmonary aspiration remains rare and the role of gastric ultrasound as an individualized preprocedural triage tool has not been integrateld with endoscopic and anesthetic outcomes. Methods: We performed an integrated systematic review and structured evidence update. The endoscopy evidence base was anchored to a systematic review that searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library through 7 July 2025 and included 24 comparative studies. A targeted PubMed/citation update through 27 August 2026 expanded eligibility to gastric-ultrasound studies and newly published endoscopy/anesthesia studies. Adults receiving GLP-1 RA or GLP-1/GIP therapy were eligible when objective gastric content was assessed by ultrasound or upper endoscopy, or when aspiration/anesthetic outcomes were reported. A random-effects exploratory meta-analysis pooled four controlled gastric-ultrasound cohorts with compatible definitions of increased RGC/full stomach. Results: The integrated evidence set comprised 35 primary studies (24 carried forward and 11 newly integrated). The predecessor endoscopy synthesis (184,707 participants) found higher RGC (OR 4.82, 95% CI 3.66-6.35) and procedure discontinuation (OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.42-6.39), without a statistically significant increase in aspiration (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.84-1.48). In four controlled ultrasound cohorts (n=461), GLP-1 RA exposure was associated with increased RGC/full stomach (pooled crude OR 9.31, 95% CI 3.68-23.57; I²=60.0%). The 2026 OCULUS randomized trial (n=60) found clinically significant residual gastric volume in 25.0% of patients continuing therapy versus 3.1% withholding one dose. No eligible same-patient diagnostic-accuracy study directly validated gastric ultrasound against subsequent EGD findings in GLP-1-treated patients. Conclusions: GLP-1-based therapy is strongly associated with RGC detected by both ultrasound and endoscopy, whereas evidence for increased aspiration is inconsistent and limited by rare events. Gastric ultrasound is a promising individualized risk-stratification adjunct, but its diagnostic agreement with endoscopic findings and its ability to reduce clinically important aspiration events require prospective paired validation.
Keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonist; semaglutide; gastric ultrasound; POCUS; retained gastric content; upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; aspiration; anesthesia; sedation.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 10 de marzo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 22 de junio de 2026.
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