LITIASIS RENAL < 20 MM: ¿SIGUE VIGENTE LA LITOTRICIA EXTRACORPÓREA POR ONDAS DE CHOQUE? REVISIÓN CRÍTICA CONTEMPORÁNEA

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque; Ureterorrenoscopia flexible; Nefrolitotomía percutánea; Cálculos renales; Unidades Hounsfield

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i18.0905

Resumen

La litiasis renal menor de 20 mm puede tratarse mediante tres estrategias mínimamente invasivas: litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC), ureterorrenoscopia flexible con litotricia láser (URSf) y nefrolitotomía percutánea en formatos miniaturizados (mini-NLPC). Históricamente, la LEOC fue la opción inicial más difundida por su carácter no invasivo, su baja morbilidad y su uso ambulatorio. Sin embargo, la expansión de la ureterorrenoscopia flexible y la mejora de las plataformas endourológicas han modificado el balance terapéutico, especialmente para litiasis de 10–20 mm, en las que la URSf suele ofrecer mayores tasas libres de cálculos con menor necesidad de retratamientos. El objetivo de esta revisión crítica fue reevaluar, desde una perspectiva contemporánea, si la LEOC mantiene justificación clínica en litiasis renales menores de 20 mm. Se desarrolló una revisión narrativa estructurada de literatura indexada reciente y de guías internacionales, con énfasis en eficacia, seguridad, necesidad de procedimientos auxiliares y predictores imagenológicos de éxito. La evidencia indica que la utilidad de la LEOC depende en gran medida del tamaño del cálculo, su densidad en unidades Hounsfield, la localización intrarrenal —en especial el polo inferior—, la anatomía pielocalicial y la distancia piel-cálculo. La mini-NLPC conserva la mayor probabilidad de eliminación completa, pero a expensas de mayor invasividad. En conjunto, la LEOC sigue vigente, aunque ya no como estrategia universal para toda litiasis <20 mm, sino como una opción de nicho en pacientes seleccionados, principalmente con litiasis pequeñas, de baja densidad y anatomía favorable.

Palabras claves: Litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque; Ureterorrenoscopia flexible; Nefrolitotomía percutánea; Cálculos renales; Unidades Hounsfield.

Abstract

Renal stones smaller than 20 mm can be managed with three minimally invasive approaches: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), flexible ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy (fURS), and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL). Historically, ESWL was the preferred initial approach because of its noninvasive nature, low morbidity, and outpatient profile. However, the rapid expansion of flexible ureteroscopy and advances in endourologic platforms have changed the therapeutic balance, especially for 10–20 mm stones, in which fURS often provides higher stone-free rates with fewer retreatments. The aim of this critical review was to reassess whether ESWL still retains clinical relevance for renal stones smaller than 20 mm. A structured narrative review of recent indexed literature and international guidelines was performed, focusing on efficacy, safety, need for auxiliary procedures, and imaging predictors of success. Available evidence suggests that ESWL performance depends heavily on stone size, stone density measured in Hounsfield units, intrarenal location—particularly the lower pole—collecting system anatomy, and skin-to-stone distance. Mini-PCNL remains the modality with the highest one-step clearance, although at the cost of greater invasiveness. Overall, ESWL remains clinically justified, but no longer as a universal strategy for every stone <20 mm; rather, it should be viewed as a selective option for carefully chosen patients, mainly those with smaller, less dense stones and favorable renal anatomy.

Keywords: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; Ureteroscopy; Nephrolithotomy, percutaneous; Kidney calculi; Hounsfield units.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
11 de marzo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 18 de junio de 2026.

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Citas

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Publicado

2026-06-18

Cómo citar

Espinosa-González, I., Rodriguez-Vergel, S. J., Arias-Gutiérrez , A. F., Montiel-Vásquez, L. M., Simancas-Figueroa, C. V., Carreño-Duarte, A. F., Hernández-Enamorado, L. I., & Prada-Gonzalez, L. V. (2026). LITIASIS RENAL < 20 MM: ¿SIGUE VIGENTE LA LITOTRICIA EXTRACORPÓREA POR ONDAS DE CHOQUE? REVISIÓN CRÍTICA CONTEMPORÁNEA. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456, 10(18), 1967–1997. Recuperado a partir de https://editorialibkn.com/index.php/Yachasun/article/view/979