TRATAMIENTO ESCALONADO DE LA DERMATITIS ATÓPICA EN NIÑOS Y ADULTOS: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA EVIDENCIA CLÍNICA. REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA
Palabras clave:
dermatitis atópica; eccema; tratamiento escalonado; niños; adultos; PRISMA 2020; terapias biológicas; inhibidores JAKResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i18.0823
Resumen
Introducción: La dermatitis atópica es una dermatosis inflamatoria crónica, recurrente y heterogénea que exige decisiones terapéuticas progresivas según severidad, extensión, edad, fenotipo clínico y respuesta previa. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia clínica contemporánea sobre el tratamiento escalonado de la dermatitis atópica en niños y adultos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa reportada conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se buscó en PubMed/MEDLINE y se efectuó búsqueda manual dirigida en guías y referencias relevantes hasta el 16 de marzo de 2026. Se incluyeron guías basadas en evidencia, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis en red, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios de extensión a largo plazo centrados en emolientes, corticoides tópicos, inhibidores de calcineurina, crisaborol, ruxolitinib tópico, fototerapia, dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib y terapias sistémicas inmunomoduladoras convencionales. Resultados: De 51 registros iniciales, 45 fueron cribados tras eliminar duplicados; 35 textos completos se evaluaron y 29 estudios se integraron en la síntesis cualitativa. La evidencia respalda que todos los pacientes deben iniciar con educación terapéutica, hidratación intensiva y control de desencadenantes. En enfermedad leve, los corticoides tópicos continúan como pilar del rescate y los inhibidores de calcineurina, crisaborol o ruxolitinib constituyen alternativas ahorradoras de esteroides en áreas sensibles o enfermedad leve a moderada localizada. En enfermedad moderada o recurrente, la terapia proactiva con corticoides tópicos o inhibidores de calcineurina, la técnica de wet-wrap y la fototerapia UVB de banda estrecha son opciones validadas. En enfermedad moderada a grave refractaria, dupilumab y tralokinumab muestran un perfil beneficio-riesgo favorable; los inhibidores JAK orales ofrecen respuestas rápidas y, en algunos escenarios, mayor magnitud de eficacia, aunque con mayor carga de vigilancia de seguridad. Las terapias sistémicas convencionales conservan un papel selectivo, mientras que los corticoides sistémicos no deben utilizarse de forma rutinaria. Conclusiones: El enfoque escalonado más consistente parte de la terapia básica universal, intensifica el tratamiento tópico según actividad y reserva terapias sistémicas dirigidas para casos moderados a graves o refractarios. Dupilumab es la opción sistémica con soporte pediátrico y adulto más robusto, mientras que los JAK inhibidores son alternativas eficaces en adolescentes y adultos seleccionados bajo monitorización estrecha.
Palabras claves: dermatitis atópica; eccema; tratamiento escalonado; niños; adultos; PRISMA 2020; terapias biológicas; inhibidores JAK.
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, and heterogeneous inflammatory dermatosis that requires a stepwise approach to treatment based on severity, extent, age, clinical phenotype, and previous response. Objective: To synthesize the current clinical evidence on the stepwise treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults. Methods: A qualitative systematic review was conducted, reported according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched, and targeted manual searches of relevant guidelines and references were performed up to March 16, 2026. Evidence-based guidelines, systematic reviews, network meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and long-term extension studies focused on emollients, topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, crisaborole, topical ruxolitinib, phototherapy, dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and conventional systemic immunomodulatory therapies were included. Results: Of 51 initial records, 45 were screened after removing duplicates; 35 full texts were appraised, and 29 studies were integrated into the qualitative synthesis. The evidence supports that all patients should begin treatment with therapy education, intensive hydration, and trigger control. In mild disease, topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of rescue therapy, and calcineurin inhibitors, crisaborole, or ruxolitinib are steroid-sparing alternatives in sensitive areas or localized mild to moderate disease. In moderate or recurrent disease, proactive therapy with topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors, wet-wrap therapy, and narrowband UVB phototherapy are validated options. In moderate to severe refractory disease, dupilumab and tralokinumab show a favorable benefit-risk profile; oral JAK inhibitors offer rapid responses and, in some scenarios, greater efficacy, although with a greater safety burden. Conventional systemic therapies retain a selective role, while systemic corticosteroids should not be used routinely. Conclusions: The most consistent stepwise approach begins with universal basic therapy, intensifies topical treatment according to disease activity, and reserves targeted systemic therapies for moderate to severe or refractory cases. Dupilumab is the systemic option with the most robust pediatric and adult support, while JAK inhibitors are effective alternatives in selected adolescents and adults under close monitoring..
Keywords: atopic dermatitis; eczema; stepped therapy; children; adults; PRISMA 2020; biologic therapies; JAK inhibitors.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 13 de diciembre de 2025.
Fecha de aceptación: 10 de febrero de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 10 de marzo de 2026.
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