OBSTRUCCIÓN COLÓNICA MALIGNA IZQUIERDA: STENT METÁLICO AUTOEXPANDIBLE COMO PUENTE A CIRUGÍA VERSUS CIRUGÍA DE URGENCIA

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

obstrucción intestinal maligna; cáncer colorrectal; stent colónico; SEMS; cirugía de urgencia; puente a cirugía; revisión sistemática

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0996

Resumen

Introducción: La obstrucción aguda maligna del colon izquierdo constituye una urgencia oncológica asociada con elevada morbilidad, riesgo de ostomía y necesidad de decisiones terapéuticas rápidas. El stent metálico autoexpandible (SEMS) como puente a cirugía permite descompresión endoscópica y resección diferida, aunque persisten dudas sobre perforación y seguridad oncológica. Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad y seguridad del SEMS como puente a cirugía frente a la cirugía de urgencia en adultos con obstrucción maligna del colon izquierdo potencialmente resecable. Métodos: Revisión sistemática actualizada conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se utilizó como búsqueda base la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis en red de McHugh et al. (búsqueda hasta agosto de 2023; 5.225 registros), restringiendo la síntesis a comparaciones directas SEMS versus resección de urgencia. Se realizó una actualización dirigida desde enero de 2024 hasta el 30 de abril de 2026 en PubMed/PMC, Google Scholar, SciELO y rastreo de referencias, priorizando publicaciones con texto completo accesible. Se evaluaron mortalidad, morbilidad, ostomía, anastomosis primaria, abordaje mínimamente invasivo, perforación y resultados oncológicos. Resultados: La evidencia comparativa favorece al SEMS en desenlaces quirúrgicos a corto plazo: menor morbilidad global, menor frecuencia de ostomía definitiva y mayor probabilidad de anastomosis primaria y cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Los ensayos aleatorizados no muestran una reducción consistente de la mortalidad. Los análisis contemporáneos no identifican diferencias claras en supervivencia global o libre de enfermedad, aunque la perforación relacionada con el stent mantiene una preocupación oncológica relevante. Conclusiones: En centros con experiencia endoscópica, el SEMS como puente a cirugía es una alternativa válida a la cirugía de urgencia para pacientes seleccionados con obstrucción maligna izquierda sin perforación. Su principal beneficio es reducir la carga quirúrgica inmediata y la necesidad de ostomía.

Palabras claves: obstrucción intestinal maligna; cáncer colorrectal; stent colónico; SEMS; cirugía de urgencia; puente a cirugía; revisión sistemática.

 

Abstract

Introduction: Acute malignant obstruction of the left colon is an oncological emergency associated with high morbidity, the risk of ostomy, and the need for rapid therapeutic decisions. The use of a self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery allows for endoscopic decompression and delayed resection, although concerns regarding perforation and oncological safety persist. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of SEMS as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery in adults with potentially resectable malignant left-sided colonic obstruction. Methods: A systematic review updated in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The systematic review and network meta-analysis by McHugh et al. (search up to August 2023; 5,225 records) served as the baseline search, with the synthesis restricted to direct comparisons between SEMS and emergency resection. A targeted update was conducted covering the period from January 2024 to April 30, 2026, using PubMed/PMC, Google Scholar, and SciELO, alongside reference tracking, prioritizing publications with accessible full text. Outcomes evaluated included mortality, morbidity, ostomy rates, primary anastomosis, minimally invasive approaches, perforation, and oncological results. Results: Comparative evidence favors SEMS regarding short-term surgical outcomes: lower overall morbidity, lower rates of permanent ostomy, and a higher likelihood of primary anastomosis and minimally invasive surgery. Randomized trials do not show a consistent reduction in mortality. Contemporary analyses reveal no clear differences in overall or disease-free survival, although stent-related perforation remains a significant oncological concern. Conclusions: In centers with endoscopic expertise, SEMS as a bridge to surgery is a valid alternative to emergency surgery for selected patients with malignant left-sided obstruction without perforation. Its primary benefit lies in reducing the immediate surgical burden and the need for an ostomy.

Keywords: malignant bowel obstruction; colorectal cancer; colonic stent; SEMS; emergency surgery; bridge to surgery; systematic review.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.

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Publicado

2026-09-21

Cómo citar

Avendaño-González, J. D., Jiménez-Jiménez, J. A., Velasco-Castro, G. P., Chávez-Pérez, E. F., & Galarza-Sánchez, C. A. (2026). OBSTRUCCIÓN COLÓNICA MALIGNA IZQUIERDA: STENT METÁLICO AUTOEXPANDIBLE COMO PUENTE A CIRUGÍA VERSUS CIRUGÍA DE URGENCIA. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456, 10(19), 1409–1418. Recuperado a partir de https://editorialibkn.com/index.php/Yachasun/article/view/1078